Inverter yaku China yakwera kwambiri pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi

Monga chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za dongosolo la photovoltaic, inverter ya photovoltaic sikuti imangokhala ndi ntchito yosinthira DC/AC, komanso ili ndi ntchito yokweza magwiridwe antchito a selo la dzuwa ndi ntchito yoteteza zolakwika za dongosolo, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito opangira magetsi a dongosolo la solar photovoltaic.

Mu 2003, Sungrow Power, motsogozedwa ndi Cao Renxian, mkulu wa kolejiyi, adayambitsa inverter yoyamba ya photovoltaic yolumikizidwa ndi gridi ya 10kW ku China yokhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha waukadaulo. Koma mpaka 2009, panali makampani ochepa kwambiri opanga inverter ku China, ndipo zida zambiri zinkadalira zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja. Mitundu yambiri yakunja monga Emerson, SMA, Siemens, Schneider ndi ABB inali yolemekezeka kwambiri.

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, makampani opanga ma inverter ku China akwera kwambiri. Mu 2010, ma inverter 10 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi anali otchuka ndi mitundu yaku Europe ndi America. Komabe, pofika chaka cha 2021, malinga ndi deta ya msika wa ma inverter, mabizinesi opanga ma inverter aku China ali m'gulu la apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi.

Mu June 2022, IHS Markit, bungwe lofufuza padziko lonse lapansi, linafalitsa mndandanda wa msika wa 2021 wa PV padziko lonse lapansi. Pamndandanda uwu, mndandanda wa makampani opanga ma PV aku China wasintha kwambiri.

Kuyambira mu 2015, Sungrow Power ndi Huawei akhala awiri apamwamba kwambiri pa kutumiza ma inverter a PV padziko lonse lapansi. Pamodzi, amawerengera oposa 40% ya msika wa inverter wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kampani yaku Germany SMA, yomwe yawonedwa ngati muyezo wa mabizinesi a inverter a PV aku China m'mbiri, idatsika kwambiri pamsika wa inverter wapadziko lonse mu 2021, kuchokera pachitatu mpaka chachisanu. Ndipo Jinlang Technology, kampani yachisanu ndi chiwiri yaku China yosinthira ma inverter a photovoltaic mu 2020, idaposa kampani yakale ya inverter ndipo idakwezedwa kukhala "nyenyezi zitatu zokwera" padziko lonse lapansi.

Makampani opanga ma inverter a photovoltaic ku China tsopano akhala atatu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, ndikupanga mbadwo watsopano wa "tripod". Kuphatikiza apo, opanga ma inverter omwe akuimiridwa ndi Jinlang, Guriwat ndi Goodway afulumizitsa liwiro lawo lopita kunyanja ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Europe, United States, Latin America ndi misika ina; Opanga akunja monga SMA, PE ndi SolerEdge akadali otsatira misika yamadera monga Europe, United States ndi Brazil, koma gawo la msika latsika kwambiri.

Kukwera mwachangu

Isanafike chaka cha 2012, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa msika wa photovoltaic ku Europe ndi United States ndi mayiko ena komanso kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa mphamvu yoyikidwa, msika wa photovoltaic inverter wakhala ukulamuliridwa ndi makampani aku Europe. Panthawiyo, kampani ya inverter yaku Germany SMA inali ndi gawo la 22% la msika wa inverter wapadziko lonse lapansi. Panthawiyi, makampani oyambira a photovoltaic ku China adagwiritsa ntchito mwayi umenewu ndikuyamba kuonekera padziko lonse lapansi. Pambuyo pa 2011, msika wa photovoltaic ku Europe unayamba kusuntha, ndipo misika ku Australia ndi North America inayamba. Makampani opanga inverter akunyumba nawonso adatsatira mwachangu. Zanenedwa kuti mu 2012, makampani opanga inverter aku China anali ndi gawo loposa 50% la msika ku Australia ndi mwayi wokwera mtengo.

Kuyambira mu 2013, boma la China lapereka mfundo zoyendetsera mitengo yamagetsi, ndipo mapulojekiti am'nyumba ayambitsidwa motsatizana. Msika wamagetsi a photovoltaic ku China walowa mumsewu wofulumira wa chitukuko, ndipo pang'onopang'ono walowa m'malo mwa Europe ngati msika waukulu kwambiri wokhazikitsa magetsi a photovoltaic padziko lonse lapansi. Pachifukwa ichi, kupezeka kwa ma inverter apakati sikukupezeka, ndipo gawo la msika linali pafupi ndi 90%. Pakadali pano, Huawei yasankha kulowa mumsika ndi inverter yotsatizana, yomwe ingawonedwe ngati "kusinthasintha kawiri" kwa msika wa Red Sea ndi zinthu zazikulu.

Kulowa kwa Huawei m'munda wa ma inverter a photovoltaic, kumbali imodzi, kukuyang'ana kwambiri pakukula kwa makampani opanga ma photovoltaic. Nthawi yomweyo, kupanga ma inverter kuli kofanana ndi bizinesi ya zida zolumikizirana za "banki yakale" ya Huawei komanso bizinesi yoyang'anira mphamvu. Imatha kutsanzira mwachangu zabwino zaukadaulo wosamukira ndi unyolo woperekera, kutumiza ogulitsa omwe alipo, kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wa kafukufuku wa ma inverter, chitukuko ndi kugula, ndikupanga zabwino mwachangu.

Mu 2015, Huawei inali pamalo oyamba pamsika wapadziko lonse wa PV inverter, ndipo Sungrow Power inapambananso SMA koyamba. Mpaka pano, inverter ya photovoltaic yaku China yapambana malo awiri apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi ndipo yamaliza "inverter".

Kuyambira mu 2015 mpaka 2018, opanga ma inverter a PV m'nyumbamo adapitiliza kukwera, ndipo mwachangu adatenga msika ndi zabwino zamitengo. Gawo la msika la opanga ma inverter akale ochokera kunja lidapitilira kukhudzidwa. Pankhani yamagetsi ochepa, SolarEdge, Enphase ndi opanga ma inverter ena apamwamba amathabe kukhala ndi gawo linalake pamsika chifukwa cha zabwino zawo zamtundu ndi njira, pomwe pamsika wa malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi a photovoltaic okhala ndi mpikisano waukulu wamitengo, gawo la msika la opanga ma inverter akale aku Europe ndi Japan monga SMA, ABB, Schneider, TMEIC, Omron ndi ena akuchepa.

Pambuyo pa chaka cha 2018, opanga ma inverter ena akunja anayamba kuchoka mu bizinesi ya ma inverter a PV. Kwa makampani akuluakulu amagetsi, ma inverter a photovoltaic ndi ochepa kwambiri mu bizinesi yawo. ABB, Schneider ndi opanga ma inverter ena nawonso achoka motsatizana mu bizinesi ya ma inverter.

Opanga ma inverter aku China anayamba kufulumizitsa kakonzedwe ka misika yakunja. Pa Julayi 27, 2018, Sungrow Power idagwiritsa ntchito maziko opangira ma inverter okhala ndi mphamvu yofika 3GW ku India. Kenako, pa Ogasiti 27, idakhazikitsa malo ochitira ntchito ku United States kuti ilimbikitse kuthekera kwa zinthu zosungiramo katundu kunja ndi ntchito zogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, Huawei, Shangneng, Guriwat, Jinlang, Goodway ndi opanga ena apita patsogolo kuti alimbikitse ndikukulitsa kapangidwe kawo kunja. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu monga Sanjing Electric, Shouhang New Energy ndi Mosuo Power idayamba kufunafuna mwayi watsopano kunja.

Poganizira momwe msika wakunja umakhalira, mabizinesi ndi makasitomala omwe ali pamsika wamakono afika pamlingo winawake pakupereka ndi kufunikira, ndipo msika wapadziko lonse lapansi nawonso wakhazikika. Komabe, misika ina yatsopano ikadali patsogolo ndipo ingafune kupita patsogolo kwina. Kukula kosalekeza kwa misika yatsopano yakunja kudzabweretsa chilimbikitso chatsopano ku mabizinesi aku China opanga zinthu zatsopano.

Kuyambira mu 2016, opanga ma inverter aku China akhala patsogolo pamsika wa ma inverter a photovoltaic padziko lonse lapansi. Zinthu ziwiri zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha luso laukadaulo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwapangitsa kuti mtengo wa maulalo onse a makampani a PV uchepe mofulumira, ndipo mtengo wa makina a PV watsika ndi oposa 90% m'zaka 10. Monga zida zazikulu za makina a PV, mtengo wa makina a PV pa watt watsika pang'onopang'ono m'zaka 10 zapitazi, kuchoka pa yuan/W yoposa 1 koyambirira mpaka pafupifupi 0.1 ~ 0.2 yuan/W mu 2021, mpaka pafupifupi 1/10 ya zaka 10 zapitazo.

Limbikitsani kugawa magawo

Poyamba kupanga magetsi a photovoltaic, opanga magetsi a inverter ankayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zipangizo, kukonza bwino mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatira njira zamagetsi, komanso kusintha mphamvu moyenera. Ndi chitukuko chopitilira cha ukadaulo komanso kukweza kugwiritsa ntchito makina, makinawa a inverter aphatikiza ntchito zambiri, monga kuteteza ndi kukonza zinthu za PID, kuphatikiza ndi chithandizo chotsata njira, makina oyeretsera ndi zida zina zozungulira, kuti akonze bwino magwiridwe antchito a malo onse opangira magetsi a photovoltaic ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama zomwe amapanga magetsi zikuwonjezeka.

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, njira zogwiritsira ntchito ma inverter zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo amafunika kukumana ndi malo osiyanasiyana ovuta komanso nyengo yoipa, monga kutentha kwambiri m'chipululu, chinyezi chambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso chifunga chamchere kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, inverter iyenera kukwaniritsa zosowa zake zotaya kutentha, kumbali ina, iyenera kukonza chitetezo chake kuti ithane ndi malo ovuta, omwe mosakayikira amaika patsogolo zofunikira zapamwamba pakupanga kapangidwe ka inverter ndi ukadaulo wazinthu.

Popeza opanga magetsi amafunikira kwambiri kuti apange magetsi abwino komanso ogwira ntchito bwino, makampani opanga magetsi a photovoltaic inverter akupita patsogolo kuti akhale odalirika kwambiri, ogwira ntchito bwino komanso otsika mtengo.

Mpikisano waukulu wamsika wabweretsa kukweza kwaukadaulo kosalekeza. Mu 2010 kapena kuposerapo, topology yayikulu ya PV inverter inali circuit ya magawo awiri, yokhala ndi mphamvu yosinthira pafupifupi 97%. Masiku ano, mphamvu yayikulu ya ma inverter a opanga akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri yapitirira 99%, ndipo cholinga chotsatira ndi 99.5%. Mu theka lachiwiri la 2020, ma module a photovoltaic ayambitsa ma module amphamvu kwambiri kutengera kukula kwa silicon chip ya 182mm ndi 210mm. Pasanathe theka la chaka, mabizinesi angapo monga Huawei, Sungrow Power, TBEA, Kehua Digital Energy, Hewang, Guriwat, ndi Jinlang Technology atsatira mwachangu komanso motsatizana ma inverter amphamvu kwambiri omwe amawafanana nawo.

Malinga ndi deta ya China Photovoltaic Industry Association, pakadali pano, msika wa inverter wa PV wakunyumba ukulamulidwabe ndi inverter ya zingwe ndi inverter yapakati, pomwe ma inverter ena ang'onoang'ono ndi ogawidwa ali ndi gawo laling'ono. Chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa msika wa photovoltaic wogawidwa komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ma inverter a zingwe m'malo opangira magetsi apakati, chiwerengero chonse cha ma inverter a zingwe chawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka, kupitirira 60% mu 2020, pomwe chiwerengero cha ma inverter apakati ndi ochepera 30%. M'tsogolomu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma inverter otsatizana m'malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu apansi, gawo lawo pamsika lidzawonjezeka kwambiri.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a kapangidwe ka msika wa inverter, kapangidwe ka opanga osiyanasiyana kakuwonetsa kuti magetsi a dzuwa ndi zinthu za SMA zatha, ndipo pali mabizinesi a inverter apakati ndi ma inverter a mndandanda. Power Electronics ndi Shangneng Electric amagwiritsa ntchito ma inverter apakati. Huawei, SolarEdge, Jinlang Technology ndi Goodway zonse zimachokera ku ma inverter a zingwe, omwe zinthu za Huawei makamaka ndi ma inverter akuluakulu a zingwe zamagetsi apansi ndi makina amagetsi a mafakitale ndi amalonda, pomwe atatu omalizawa makamaka ndi a msika wapakhomo. Emphase, Hemai ndi Yuneng Technology amagwiritsa ntchito ma micro inverter.

Mu msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, ma inverter otsatizana ndi apakati ndiwo mitundu ikuluikulu. Ku China, gawo la msika wa inverter yotsatizana ndi ma inverter otsatizana ndi lokhazikika pa 90%.

Mtsogolomu, chitukuko cha ma inverter chidzasinthidwa. Kumbali imodzi, mitundu ya magwiritsidwe ntchito a malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic ndi osiyanasiyana, ndipo ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga chipululu, nyanja, denga logawidwa, ndi BIPV zikuchulukirachulukira, ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za ma inverter. Kumbali ina, chitukuko chachangu cha zamagetsi zamagetsi, zigawo ndi ukadaulo wina watsopano, komanso kuphatikiza ndi AI, big data, intaneti ndi ukadaulo wina, zimathandiziranso kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa makampani opanga ma inverter. Inverter ikupita patsogolo kwambiri kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino, mphamvu zambiri, mphamvu zambiri za DC, yanzeru kwambiri, yotetezeka, yosinthasintha zachilengedwe, komanso yogwira ntchito bwino komanso yosamalira.

Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa padziko lonse lapansi, kuchuluka kwa magetsi a PV kukukwera, ndipo inverter ikufunika kukhala ndi mphamvu yolimba yothandizira gridi kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira pakugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuyankhidwa mwachangu kwa gridi yofooka yamagetsi. Kuphatikiza kwa malo osungira kuwala, kuphatikiza kwa malo osungira kuwala ndi kuyatsa, kupanga kwa hydrogen ya photovoltaic ndi ntchito zina zatsopano komanso zophatikizika zidzakhalanso njira yofunika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo inverter idzabweretsa malo okulirapo okukula.