Yiziphi izinzuzo zebhethri lokugcina amandla?

Indlela yobuchwepheshe yemboni yokugcina amandla yaseShayina – isitoreji samandla kagesi: Njengamanje, izinto ezivamile ze-cathode zamabhethri e-lithium zifaka phakathi i-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), i-lithium manganese oxide (LMO), i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kanye nezinto ze-ternary. I-Lithium cobalt iyinto yokuqala ye-cathode ethengiswayo ene-voltage ephezulu, ubuningi be-tap obuphezulu, isakhiwo esizinzile kanye nokuphepha okuhle, kodwa izindleko eziphezulu kanye nomthamo ophansi. I-Lithium manganate inezindleko eziphansi kanye nomthamo ophezulu, kodwa ukusebenza komjikelezo wayo kubi futhi umthamo wayo uphansi. Umthamo kanye nezindleko zezinto ze-ternary ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwe-nickel, i-cobalt kanye ne-manganese (ngaphezu kwe-NCA). Ubuningi bamandla obuphelele buphakeme kunobe-lithium iron phosphate kanye ne-lithium cobalt. I-Lithium iron phosphate inezindleko eziphansi, ukusebenza kahle kokujikeleza kanye nokuphepha okuhle, kodwa ipulatifomu yayo ye-voltage iphansi futhi ubuningi bayo bokuqina buphansi, okuholela ekubuneni kwamandla okuphansi. Njengamanje, umkhakha wamandla ubuswa yi-ternary kanye ne-lithium iron, kuyilapho umkhakha wokusetshenziswa ungaphezulu kwe-lithium cobalt. Izinto ze-electrode ezingezinhle zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto zekhabhoni nezinto ezingezona ikhabhoni: izinto zekhabhoni zifaka i-graphite yokwenziwa, i-graphite yemvelo, ama-microsphere e-carbon e-mesophase, i-carbon ethambile, i-hard carbon, njll; Izinto ezingezona ikhabhoni zifaka i-lithium titanate, izinto ezisekelwe ku-silicon, izinto ezisekelwe ku-tin, njll. I-graphite yemvelo kanye ne-graphite yokwenziwa yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje. Nakuba i-graphite yemvelo inezinzuzo ngezindleko kanye nomthamo othize, impilo yayo yomjikelezo iphansi futhi ukuhambisana kwayo kubi; Kodwa-ke, izakhiwo ze-graphite yokwenziwa zilinganiselwe, zisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zihambisana kahle ne-electrolyte. I-graphite yokwenziwa isetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri kagesi ezimoto amakhulu kanye namabhethri e-lithium abathengi aphezulu, kuyilapho i-graphite yemvelo isetshenziswa kakhulu kumabhethri amancane e-lithium kanye namabhethri e-lithium abathengi ajwayelekile. Izinto ezisekelwe ku-silicon ezintweni ezingezona ikhabhoni zisesenqubweni yocwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko. Abahlukanisi bebhethri le-lithium bangahlukaniswa babe abahlukanisi abomile kanye nabahlukanisi abamanzi ngokwenqubo yokukhiqiza, futhi uqweqwe lwe-membrane olumanzi ku-separator emanzi luzoba umkhuba omkhulu. Inqubo emanzi kanye nenqubo eyomile inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo. Inqubo yokumanzi inosayizi wembobo encane nefanayo kanye nefilimu encane, kodwa imali etshaliwe inkulu, inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi, kanti ukungcola kwemvelo kukhulu. Inqubo yokomisa ilula kakhulu, inenani eliphezulu futhi inobungani nemvelo, kodwa ubukhulu bembobo kanye nembobo kunzima ukuyilawula futhi umkhiqizo kunzima ukuwunciphisa.

Indlela yobuchwepheshe yemboni yokugcina amandla yaseShayina – isitoreji samandla se-electrochemical: ibhethri le-lead acid ibhethri le-lead acid (VRLA) ibhethri eline-electrode eyenziwe kakhulu nge-lead kanye ne-oxide yayo, kanti i-electrolyte iyisisombululo se-sulfuric acid. Esimweni sokushaja kwebhethri le-lead-acid, ingxenye eyinhloko ye-electrode enhle yi-lead dioxide, kanti ingxenye eyinhloko ye-electrode engemihle yi-lead; Esimweni sokukhishwa, izingxenye eziyinhloko zama-electrode amahle nangalungile yi-lead sulfate. Umgomo osebenzayo webhethri le-lead-acid ukuthi ibhethri le-lead-acid uhlobo lwebhethri eline-carbon dioxide kanye ne-spongy metal lead njengezinto ezisebenzayo ezinhle nezimbi ngokulandelana, kanye nesisombululo se-sulfuric acid njenge-electrolyte. Izinzuzo zebhethri le-lead-acid uchungechunge lwezimboni oluvuthiwe, ukusetshenziswa okuphephile, ukulungiswa okulula, izindleko eziphansi, impilo yesevisi ende, ikhwalithi ezinzile, njll. Okubi yijubane lokushaja elihamba kancane, ubuningi bamandla aphansi, impilo yomjikelezo omfushane, okulula ukubangela ukungcola, njll. Amabhethri e-lead-acid asetshenziswa njengezinsiza zamandla ezilindile kwezokuxhumana, izinhlelo zamandla elanga, izinhlelo zokushintsha ngogesi, imishini yokuxhumana, izinsiza zamandla ezincane zokusekela (i-UPS, i-ECR, izinhlelo zokusekela ngamakhompyutha, njll.), imishini yezimo eziphuthumayo, njll., kanye nezinsiza zamandla eziyinhloko emishini yokuxhumana, izinqola zokulawula zikagesi (izimoto zokuthenga, izimoto zokuthutha ezizenzakalelayo, izimoto zikagesi), iziqalisi zamathuluzi omshini (ama-drill angenantambo, abashayeli bakagesi, izileji zikagesi), imishini/izinsimbi zezimboni, amakhamera, njll.

Indlela yobuchwepheshe yemboni yokugcina amandla yaseShayina – isitoreji samandla kagesi: ibhethri lokugeleza koketshezi kanye nebhethri le-sodium sulfur ibhethri lokugeleza koketshezi luhlobo lwebhethri elingagcina ugesi futhi likhiphe ugesi ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-electrochemical kwepheya kagesi elincibilikayo ku-electrode engangeni. Isakhiwo se-monomer ejwayelekile yebhethri lokugeleza koketshezi sihlanganisa: ama-electrode amahle nangalungile; Igumbi le-electrode elizungezwe i-diaphragm kanye ne-electrode; ithangi le-Electrolyte, iphampu kanye nohlelo lwamapayipi. Ibhethri lokugeleza koketshezi liyidivayisi yokugcina amandla kagesi engakwazi ukufeza ukuguqulwa okuhlangene kwamandla kagesi kanye namandla amakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kokunciphisa ukushiswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo zoketshezi, ngaleyo ndlela kufezekiswe ukugcinwa nokukhululwa kwamandla kagesi. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezihlukanisiwe kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zebhethri lokugeleza koketshezi. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela zezinhlelo zebhethri lokugeleza koketshezi ezifundwa ngokujulile emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi ibhethri lokugeleza koketshezi lwe-all-vanadium, ibhethri lokugeleza koketshezi lwe-zinc-bromine, ibhethri lokugeleza koketshezi lwe-iron-chromium kanye nebhethri lokugeleza koketshezi lwe-sodium polysulfide/bromine. Ibhethri le-sodium-sulfur lakhiwe yi-electrode elungile, i-electrode engalungile, i-electrolyte, i-diaphragm kanye negobolondo, okuhlukile kubhethri lesibili elijwayelekile (ibhethri le-lead-acid, ibhethri le-nickel-cadmium, njll.). Ibhethri le-sodium-sulfur lakhiwe yi-electrode encibilikisiwe kanye ne-electrolyte eqinile. Into esebenzayo ye-electrode engalungile yi-sodium yensimbi encibilikisiwe, kanti into esebenzayo ye-electrode elungile yi-sulfur ewuketshezi kanye nosawoti we-sodium polysulfide oncibilikisiwe. I-anode yebhethri le-sodium-sulfur yakhiwe yi-sulfur ewuketshezi, i-cathode yakhiwe yi-sodium ewuketshezi, kanti ishubhu le-beta-aluminium lezinto ze-ceramic lihlukaniswe phakathi. Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwebhethri kufanele ligcinwe lingaphezu kuka-300 ° C ukuze i-electrode igcinwe isesimweni esincibilikisiwe. Indlela yobuchwepheshe yemboni yokugcina amandla yaseShayina - iseli likaphethiloli: iseli lokugcina amandla e-hydrogen iseli likaphethiloli i-hydrogen iyithuluzi eliguqula ngqo amandla amakhemikhali e-hydrogen abe amandla kagesi. Isimiso esiyisisekelo ukuthi i-hydrogen ingena ku-anode yeseli likaphethiloli, ibole ibe ama-proton egesi nama-electron ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst, bese ama-proton e-hydrogen akhiwe adlula ku-membrane yokushintshana kwe-proton ukuze afinyelele ku-cathode yeseli likaphethiloli futhi ahlangane nomoya-mpilo ukuze akhiqize amanzi, Ama-electron afinyelela ku-cathode yeseli likaphethiloli ngesekethe yangaphandle ukuze akhe ugesi. Empeleni, iyidivayisi yokukhiqiza amandla yokusabela kwe-electrochemical. Usayizi wemakethe wemboni yokugcina amandla yomhlaba wonke - umthamo omusha ofakiwe wemboni yokugcina amandla uphindwe kabili - usayizi wemakethe wemboni yokugcina amandla yomhlaba wonke - amabhethri e-lithium-ion aseyindlela ejwayelekile yokugcina amandla - amabhethri e-lithium-ion anezinzuzo zobuningi bamandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu, impendulo esheshayo, njalo njalo, futhi okwamanje ayisilinganiso esiphezulu samandla afakiwe ngaphandle kwesitoreji esipompiwe. Ngokusho kwephepha elimhlophe mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yebhethri ye-lithium-ion yaseShayina (2022) ekhishwe ngokuhlanganyela yi-EVTank kanye ne-Ivy Institute of Economics. Ngokusho kwedatha yephepha elimhlophe, ngo-2021, inani eliphelele lokuthunyelwa kwamabhethri e-lithium ion emhlabeni wonke lizoba ngu-562.4GWh, ukwanda okukhulu okungu-91% ngonyaka, futhi isabelo salo ekufakweni kwesitoreji samandla amasha emhlabeni wonke sizodlula u-90%. Nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zokugcina amandla njengebhethri le-vanadium-flow, ibhethri le-sodium-ion kanye nomoya ocindezelwe nazo seziqalile ukuthola ukunakwa okwengeziwe eminyakeni yamuva nje, ibhethri le-lithium-ion lisenezinzuzo ezinkulu maqondana nokusebenza, izindleko kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni. Esikhathini esifushane nesiphakathi, ibhethri le-lithium-ion lizoba uhlobo oluyinhloko lokugcina amandla emhlabeni, futhi isilinganiso salo ekufakweni kwesitoreji samandla amasha sizohlala sisezingeni eliphezulu.

I-Longrun-energy igxile emkhakheni wokugcina amandla futhi ihlanganisa isisekelo sesevisi yochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ukuze inikeze izixazululo zokugcina amandla ezimweni zasekhaya nezezimboni nezentengiselwano, okuhlanganisa ukuklama, ukuqeqeshwa kokuhlanganiswa, izixazululo zemakethe, ukulawulwa kwezindleko, ukuphathwa, ukusebenza nokugcinwa, njll. Ngeminyaka eminingi yokubambisana nabakhiqizi bamabhethri abaziwayo kanye nabakhiqizi be-inverter, sifingqe ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko yokwakha isisekelo sesevisi yochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwamandla esihlanganisiwe.