Zithini iingenelo zebhetri yokugcina amandla?

Indlela yobuchwephesha yoshishino lokugcina amandla eTshayina – ugcino lwamandla lwe-electrochemical: Okwangoku, izixhobo ze-cathode eziqhelekileyo zeebhetri ze-lithium ziquka i-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), i-lithium manganese oxide (LMO), i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kunye nezixhobo ze-ternary. I-Lithium cobalt sisixhobo sokuqala se-cathode esithengiswayo esine-voltage ephezulu, uxinano oluphezulu lwempompo, isakhiwo esizinzileyo kunye nokhuseleko oluhle, kodwa iindleko eziphezulu kunye nomthamo ophantsi. I-Lithium manganate inexabiso eliphantsi kunye nombane ophezulu, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo komjikelo akukuhle kwaye umthamo wayo nawo uphantsi. Umthamo kunye neendleko zezinto ze-ternary ziyahluka ngokomxholo we-nickel, i-cobalt kunye ne-manganese (ukongeza kwi-NCA). Uxinano lwamandla luphezulu kunolo lwe-lithium iron phosphate kunye ne-lithium cobalt. I-Lithium iron phosphate inexabiso eliphantsi, ukusebenza kakuhle kokujikeleza kunye nokhuseleko oluhle, kodwa iqonga layo le-voltage liphantsi kwaye uxinano lwayo lokuxinana luphantsi, okubangela uxinano oluphantsi lwamandla ngokubanzi. Okwangoku, icandelo lamandla lilawulwa yi-ternary kunye ne-lithium iron, ngelixa icandelo lokusetyenziswa lingaphezulu kwe-lithium cobalt. Izinto ze-electrode ezingalunganga zinokwahlulwa zibe zizinto zekhabhoni kunye nezinto ezingezizo zekhabhoni: izinto zekhabhoni ziquka i-graphite yokwenziwa, i-graphite yendalo, ii-microspheres zekhabhoni ze-mesophase, i-carbon ethambileyo, i-hard carbon, njl.njl. Izinto ezingezizo zekhabhoni ziquka i-lithium titanate, izinto ezisekelwe kwi-silicon, izinto ezisekelwe kwi-tin, njl. I-graphite yendalo kunye ne-graphite yokwenziwa zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu okwangoku. Nangona i-graphite yendalo ineenzuzo kwixabiso kunye nomthamo othile, ubomi bayo bomjikelo buphantsi kwaye ukuhambelana kwayo akukuhle; Nangona kunjalo, iipropati ze-graphite yokwenziwa zilungelelene, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokujikeleza kunye nokuhambelana okuhle ne-electrolyte. I-graphite yokwenziwa isetyenziselwa kakhulu iibhetri zamandla ezithuthi ezinkulu kunye neebhetri ze-lithium zabathengi eziphezulu, ngelixa i-graphite yendalo isetyenziselwa kakhulu iibhetri ze-lithium ezincinci kunye neebhetri ze-lithium zabathengi ezisetyenziselwa injongo eqhelekileyo. Izinto ezisekelwe kwi-silicon kwizixhobo ezingezizo zekhabhoni zisekwinkqubo yophando nophuhliso oluqhubekayo. Abahluli bebhetri ye-lithium banokwahlulwa babe ngabahluli abomileyo kunye nabahluli abamanzi ngokwenkqubo yemveliso, kwaye i-membrane emanzi kwi-water separator iya kuba yindlela ephambili. Inkqubo emanzi kunye nenkqubo eyomileyo ineengenelo kunye neengxaki zayo. Inkqubo yokumanzisa inobukhulu obuncinci nobufanayo bemingxuma kunye nefilimu encinci, kodwa utyalo-mali lukhulu, inkqubo iyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo lukhulu. Inkqubo yokomisa ilula, inexabiso eliphezulu kwaye inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, kodwa ubungakanani bemingxuma kunye nemingxuma kunzima ukuyilawula kwaye imveliso kunzima ukuyicutha.

Indlela yobugcisa yoshishino lokugcina amandla eTshayina – ugcino lwamandla lwe-electrochemical: ibhetri ye-lead acid ibhetri ye-lead acid (VRLA) yibhetri ene-electrode eyenziwe kakhulu yi-lead kunye ne-oxide yayo, kwaye i-electrolyte yisisombululo se-sulfuric acid. Kwimeko yokutshaja kwebhetri ye-lead-acid, inxalenye ephambili ye-electrode elungileyo yi-lead dioxide, kwaye inxalenye ephambili ye-electrode engalunganga yi-lead; Kwimeko yokukhupha, iindawo eziphambili ze-electrodes ezilungileyo nezingalunganga yi-lead sulfate. Umgaqo osebenzayo webhetri ye-lead-acid kukuba ibhetri ye-lead-acid luhlobo lwebhetri ene-carbon dioxide kunye ne-spongy metal lead njengezinto ezisebenzayo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye nesisombululo se-sulfuric acid njenge-electrolyte. Iingenelo zebhetri ye-lead-acid zizinto ezivuthiweyo kwishishini, ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo, ukugcinwa okulula, iindleko eziphantsi, ubomi benkonzo ende, umgangatho ozinzileyo, njl. Iingxaki zisantya sokutshaja esicothayo, uxinano lwamandla aphantsi, ubomi bomjikelo omfutshane, kulula ukubangela ungcoliseko, njl. Iibhetri ze-lead-acid zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo zamandla ezihlala zihleli kwiinkonzo zonxibelelwano, iinkqubo zamandla elanga, iinkqubo zokutshintsha ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zonxibelelwano, izixhobo zamandla ezincinci (ii-UPS, i-ECR, iinkqubo zokulondoloza zekhompyutha, njl.njl.), izixhobo zongxamiseko, njl.njl., kwaye njengezixhobo zamandla eziphambili kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano, iilocomotive zokulawula umbane (izithuthi zokuthenga, izithuthi zothutho oluzenzekelayo, izithuthi zombane), izixhobo zokuqalisa izixhobo zoomatshini (iidrill ezingenantambo, abaqhubi bombane, iisledge zombane), izixhobo/izixhobo zamashishini, iikhamera, njl.njl.

Indlela yobugcisa yoshishino lokugcina amandla eTshayina – ugcino lwamandla e-electrochemical: ibhetri yokuhamba kolwelo kunye nebhetri ye-sodium sulfur ibhetri yokuhamba kolwelo luhlobo lwebhetri enokugcina umbane kwaye ikhuphe umbane ngokusebenzisa i-electrochemical reaction ye-electrochemical pair enyibilikayo yombane kwi-electrode engangeniyo. Ulwakhiwo lwe-monomer eqhelekileyo yebhetri yokuhamba kolwelo lubandakanya: ii-electrodes ezilungileyo nezingalunganga; Igumbi le-electrode elijikelezwe yi-diaphragm kunye ne-electrode; itanki ye-Electrolyte, ipompo kunye nenkqubo yepayipi. Ibhetri yokuhamba kolwelo sisixhobo sokugcina amandla e-electrochemical esinokufezekisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla ombane kunye namandla eekhemikhali ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation-reduction reaction yezinto ezisebenzayo zolwelo, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa ukugcinwa kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla ombane. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlulwe ngokwahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezithile zebhetri yokuhamba kolwelo. Okwangoku, kukho iintlobo ezine kuphela zeenkqubo zebhetri yokuhamba kolwelo ezifundwa nzulu kwihlabathi, kubandakanya ibhetri yokuhamba kolwelo lwe-all-vanadium, ibhetri yokuhamba kolwelo lwe-zinc-bromine, ibhetri yokuhamba kolwelo lwe-iron-chromium kunye nebhetri yokuhamba kolwelo lwe-sodium polysulfide/bromine. Ibhetri yesodium-sulfur yenziwe yi-electrode echanekileyo, i-electrode engalunganga, i-electrolyte, i-diaphragm kunye negobolondo, eyahlukileyo kwibhetri yesibini eqhelekileyo (ibhetri ye-lead-acid, ibhetri ye-nickel-cadmium, njl.njl.). Ibhetri yesodium-sulfur yenziwe yi-electrode enyibilikisiweyo kunye ne-electrolyte eqinileyo. Into esebenzayo ye-electrode engalunganga yi-sodium yesinyithi enyibilikisiweyo, kwaye into esebenzayo ye-electrode echanekileyo yi-sulfur engamanzi kunye netyuwa ye-polysulfide enyibilikisiweyo yesodium. I-anode yebhetri yesodium-sulfur yenziwe yi-sulfur engamanzi, i-cathode yenziwe yi-sodium engamanzi, kwaye ityhubhu ye-beta-aluminium yezinto ze-ceramic yahlulwe phakathi. Ubushushu bokusebenza kwebhetri buya kugcinwa bungaphezulu kwama-300 ° C ukugcina i-electrode ikwimeko enyibilikisiweyo. Indlela yobugcisa yeshishini lokugcina amandla laseTshayina - iseli yamafutha: iseli yokugcina amandla e-hydrogen iseli yamafutha e-hydrogen sisixhobo esiguqula ngokuthe ngqo amandla ekhemikhali e-hydrogen abe ngamandla ombane. Umgaqo osisiseko kukuba i-hydrogen ingena kwi-anode yeseli yamafutha, ibole ibe ziiprotoni zegesi kunye nee-elektroni phantsi kwesenzo se-catalyst, kwaye iiprotoni ze-hydrogen ezenziweyo zidlula kwi-membrane ye-proton exchange ukuze zifikelele kwi-cathode yeseli yamafutha kwaye zidibane ne-oksijini ukuvelisa amanzi, Ii-elektroni zifikelela kwi-cathode yeseli yamafutha ngesekethe yangaphandle ukuze zenze umsinga. Ngokuyintloko, sisixhobo sokuvelisa amandla e-electrochemical reaction. Ubungakanani bemarike yeshishini lokugcina amandla kwihlabathi liphela - amandla amatsha afakiweyo kwishishini lokugcina amandla liphindwe kabini - ubungakanani bemarike yeshishini lokugcina amandla kwihlabathi liphela - iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ziseyindlela ephambili yokugcina amandla - iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zineengenelo zobuninzi bamandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula, impendulo ekhawulezayo, njalo njalo, kwaye okwangoku zezona ziphezulu kakhulu zobungakanani bomthamo ofakiweyo ngaphandle kwendawo yokugcina epompelweyo. Ngokwephepha elimhlophe malunga nophuhliso lweshishini lebhetri ye-lithium-ion yaseTshayina (2022) ekhutshwe ngokudibeneyo yi-EVTank kunye ne-Ivy Institute of Economics. Ngokwedatha yephepha elimhlophe, ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kweebhetri ze-lithium ion kwihlabathi liphela kuya kuba yi-562.4GWh, ukwanda okukhulu kwe-91% ngonyaka, kwaye isabelo sayo kwiindawo zokugcina amandla ezintsha zehlabathi siya kudlula i-90%. Nangona ezinye iindlela zokugcina amandla ezifana nebhetri ye-vanadium-flow, ibhetri ye-sodium-ion kunye nomoya ocinezelweyo nazo ziqale ukufumana ingqwalasela engakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion iseneengenelo ezinkulu ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni, iindleko kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Ngexesha elifutshane neliphakathi, ibhetri ye-lithium-ion iya kuba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokugcina amandla ehlabathini, kwaye umlinganiselo wayo kwiindawo zokugcina amandla ezintsha uya kuhlala uphezulu.

I-Longrun-energy igxile kwicandelo lokugcina amandla kwaye idibanisa isiseko senkonzo yobonelelo lwamandla ukubonelela ngezisombululo zokugcina amandla kwiimeko zasekhaya nezemizi-mveliso kunye nezorhwebo, kubandakanya uyilo, uqeqesho lokuhlanganisa, izisombululo zemarike, ulawulo lweendleko, ulawulo, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa, njl. Ngeminyaka emininzi yentsebenziswano nabavelisi beebhetri abaziwayo kunye nabavelisi be-inverter, sishwankathele amava etekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso ukwakha isiseko senkonzo yobonelelo oludibeneyo.