Ni izihe nyungu za bateri yo kubika ingufu?

Inzira ya tekiniki y’inganda zibika ingufu z’Ubushinwa - ububiko bw’amashanyarazi: Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho bisanzwe bya cathode ya batiri ya lithium ahanini birimo lithium cobalt oxyde (LCO), lithium manganese oxyde (LMO), lithium fer fosifate (LFP) nibikoresho bya ternary. Litiyumu cobaltate nicyo kintu cya mbere cyacurujwe muri cathode hamwe na voltage nyinshi, ubwinshi bwa robine, imiterere ihamye numutekano mwiza, ariko igiciro kinini nubushobozi buke. Litiyumu manganate ifite igiciro gito na voltage nyinshi, ariko imikorere yayo ya cycle ni mibi kandi ubushobozi bwayo nabwo buri hasi. Ubushobozi nigiciro cyibikoresho bya ternary biratandukanye ukurikije ibikubiye muri nikel, cobalt na manganese (usibye NCA). Ubucucike rusange muri rusange burenze ubwa lithium fer fosifate na lithium cobaltate. Litiyumu y'icyuma ya fosifate ifite igiciro gito, imikorere myiza yo gusiganwa ku magare n'umutekano mwiza, ariko urubuga rwa voltage ruri hasi kandi ubucucike bwarwo buri hasi, bigatuma ingufu nke muri rusange. Kugeza ubu, urwego rw'amashanyarazi rwiganjemo ibyuma bya ternary na lithium, mu gihe urwego rwo gukoresha ari lithium cobalt. Ibikoresho bibi bya electrode birashobora kugabanywa mubikoresho bya karubone nibikoresho bitari karubone: ibikoresho bya karubone birimo grafite ya artite, grafite karemano, mikorobe ya karubone ya mikorobe, karubone yoroshye, karubone ikomeye, nibindi; Ibikoresho bitari karubone birimo lithium titanate, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri silikoni, ibikoresho bishingiye ku mabati, nibindi. Nubwo grafite karemano ifite ibyiza mubiciro nubushobozi bwihariye, ubuzima bwikigihe ni buke kandi guhoraho ni bibi; Nyamara, imiterere ya grafite artificiel iringaniye, hamwe nibikorwa byiza byo kuzenguruka no guhuza neza na electrolyte. Igishushanyo mbonera gikoreshwa cyane cyane kuri bateri nini yimodoka nini na bateri ya lithium yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, mugihe grafite karemano ikoreshwa cyane muri bateri ntoya ya lithium na bateri rusange ya lithium. Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri silicon mubikoresho bitari karubone biracyari mubikorwa byubushakashatsi burambye niterambere. Gutandukanya batiri ya Litiyumu irashobora kugabanywamo ibice byumye hamwe n’ibitandukanya bitose ukurikije uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro, kandi ibishishwa bitose bitwikiriye bitandukanya amazi bizaba inzira nyamukuru. Uburyo butose hamwe nuburyo bwumye bifite inyungu zabo nibibi. Inzira itose ifite ubunini buto kandi bumwe hamwe na firime yoroheje, ariko ishoramari ni rinini, inzira iragoye, kandi ibidukikije ni binini. Inzira yumye iroroshye cyane, yongerewe agaciro kandi yangiza ibidukikije, ariko ingano ya pore nububabare biragoye kugenzura kandi ibicuruzwa biragoye kunanuka.

Inzira ya tekiniki yinganda zibika ingufu zUbushinwa - kubika ingufu za electrochemical: bateri ya aside aside yitwa aside aside (VRLA) ni bateri ifite electrode ikozwe cyane cyane na gurşide na oxyde yayo, naho electrolyte ni igisubizo cya acide sulfurike. Muburyo bwo kwishyiriraho bateri ya aside-aside, igice cyingenzi cya electrode nziza ni dioxyde de gurş, naho igice cyingenzi cya electrode mbi ni gurş; Mugihe cyo gusohora ibintu, ibyingenzi byingenzi bya electrode nziza nibibi ni sulfate. Ihame ryakazi rya batiri ya aside-aside ni uko bateri ya aside-aside ari ubwoko bwa bateri ifite karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone hamwe nicyuma cyitwa spongy cyuma nkibintu byiza kandi bibi, hamwe na acide sulfurike nka electrolyte. Ibyiza bya batiri ya acide-acide ni urwego rukuze rwinganda, gukoresha neza, kubungabunga byoroshye, kugiciro gito, ubuzima bwa serivisi ndende, ubuziranenge buhamye, nibindi. Ibibi ni umuvuduko mwinshi wumuriro, ubukana bwingufu nke, ubuzima bwigihe gito, byoroshye gutera umwanda, nibindi. lokomoteri (ibinyabiziga bigura, ibinyabiziga bitwara byikora, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi), ibikoresho bitangiza imashini (imyitozo idafite umugozi, abashoferi b'amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi), ibikoresho byinganda / ibikoresho, kamera, nibindi.

Inzira ya tekinike yinganda zibika ingufu zUbushinwa - ububiko bwamashanyarazi: ububiko bwamazi ya batiri na batiri ya sodium sulfure bateri ni ubwoko bwa bateri ishobora kubika amashanyarazi no gusohora amashanyarazi binyuze mumashanyarazi ya reaction ya elegitoronike yumuriro kuri electrode ya inert. Imiterere ya bateri isanzwe ya bateri monomer ikubiyemo: electrode nziza kandi mbi; Icyumba cya electrode kizengurutswe na diafragma na electrode; Sisitemu ya electrolyte, pompe na sisitemu y'imiyoboro. Bateri ya Liquid-flux nigikoresho cyo kubika ingufu zamashanyarazi zishobora kumenya guhinduranya imbaraga zamashanyarazi ningufu za chimique binyuze muri okiside-kugabanya reaction yibintu bikora byamazi, bityo bikamenya kubika no kurekura ingufu zamashanyarazi. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bugabanijwe hamwe na sisitemu yihariye ya bateri itemba. Kugeza ubu, hari ubwoko bune gusa bwa sisitemu ya batiri ya flux yizwe mubyukuri byizwe mubwimbitse kwisi, harimo bateri yuzuye ya vanadium yamashanyarazi, bateri ya zinc-bromine, bateri ya fer-chromium yamashanyarazi na batiri ya sodium polysulfide / bromine. Bateri ya sodium-sulfure igizwe na electrode nziza, electrode mbi, electrolyte, diaphragm na shell, itandukanye na bateri rusange ya kabiri (batiri-aside-aside, bateri ya nikel-kadmium, nibindi). Bateri ya sodium-sulfure igizwe na electrode yashongeshejwe na electrolyte ikomeye. Ikintu gikora cya electrode mbi ni sodium yicyuma gishongeshejwe, naho ibintu bikora bya electrode nziza ni sulfure yuzuye hamwe numunyu wa sodium polysulfide. Anode ya batiri ya sodium-sulfure igizwe na sulfure y'amazi, cathode igizwe na sodium y'amazi, naho umuyoboro wa beta-aluminium wibikoresho bya ceramic utandukanijwe hagati. Ubushyuhe bwo gukora bwa bateri bugomba kubikwa hejuru ya 300 ° C kugirango electrode igume mumashanyarazi. Inzira ya tekiniki yinganda zibika ingufu zUbushinwa - selile ya lisansi: hydrogène yo kubika ingufu za selile hydrogène lisansi nigikoresho gihindura ingufu za chimique hydrogène mumashanyarazi. Ihame shingiro ni uko hydrogène yinjira muri anode ya selile ya lisansi, ikabora muri proton ya gaze na electroni ikorwa na catalizator, hanyuma proton ya hydrogène yakozwe ikanyura muri proton yo guhanahana amakuru kugirango igere kuri cathode ya selile ya lisansi igahuza na ogisijeni ikabyara amazi, electron zigera kuri cathode ya selile ya lisansi zinyuze mumuzinga wo hanze. Byibanze, nigikoresho cyamashanyarazi gikora amashanyarazi. Ingano yisoko yinganda zibika ingufu zisi - ubushobozi bushya bwashyizweho bwinganda zibika ingufu bwikubye kabiri - ingano yisoko yinganda zibika ingufu zisi - bateri ya lithium-ion iracyari uburyo nyamukuru bwo kubika ingufu - bateri ya lithium-ion ifite ibyiza byubucucike bwingufu nyinshi, uburyo bwiza bwo guhindura ibintu, ibisubizo byihuse, nibindi, kandi kuri ubu ni umubare munini wubushobozi bwashyizweho usibye kubika pompe. Nk’uko impapuro zera zivuga ku iterambere ry’inganda za batiri za lithium-ion mu Bushinwa (2022) zashyizwe ahagaragara na EVTank hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubukungu cya Ivy. Dukurikije imibare y’impapuro zera, mu 2021, ku isi hose ibicuruzwa byoherejwe na batiri ya lithium ion bizaba 562.4GWh, bikiyongera cyane ku kigero cya 91% ku mwaka ku mwaka, kandi uruhare rwayo mu bikoresho bishya byo kubika ingufu ku isi nabyo bizarenga 90%. Nubwo ubundi buryo bwo kubika ingufu nka bateri ya vanadium-itemba, bateri ya sodium-ion hamwe numwuka uhumanye nabyo byatangiye kwitabwaho cyane mumyaka yashize, bateri ya lithium-ion iracyafite ibyiza byinshi mubijyanye nimikorere, ikiguzi ninganda. Mugihe gito kandi giciriritse, bateri ya lithium-ion izaba uburyo nyamukuru bwo kubika ingufu kwisi, kandi igipimo cyayo mububiko bushya bwo kubika ingufu kizaguma kurwego rwo hejuru.

Longrun-ingufu yibanda kubijyanye no kubika ingufu kandi igahuza urwego rwo gutanga ingufu zitanga ingufu kugirango itange ibisubizo bibika ingufu murugo no mu nganda n’ubucuruzi, harimo igishushanyo mbonera, amahugurwa yo guterana, ibisubizo ku isoko, kugenzura ibiciro, imicungire, imikorere no kuyitaho, nibindi.