Ni izihe nyungu zo kubika ingufu muri bateri?

Inzira ya tekiniki y’inganda zo kubika ingufu mu Bushinwa - ububiko bw’ingufu za elegitoroniki: Kuri ubu, ibikoresho bya cathode bisanzwe bya batiri za lithium birimo cyane cyane lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) n’ibikoresho bya ternary. Lithium cobalt ni cyo gikoresho cya mbere cya cathode cyagurishijwe gifite voltage nyinshi, ubucucike bwinshi bw’amazi, imiterere ihamye n’umutekano mwiza, ariko gihendutse kandi ubushobozi buke. Lithium manganate ifite igiciro gito n’amashanyarazi menshi, ariko imikorere yayo ni mibi kandi ubushobozi bwayo nabwo ni buke. Ubushobozi n’igiciro by’ibikoresho bya ternary biratandukanye bitewe n’ingano ya nikeli, cobalt na manganese (uretse NCA). Ubucucike bw’ingufu muri rusange buri hejuru y’ubwa lithium iron phosphate na lithium cobalt. Lithium iron phosphate ifite igiciro gito, imikorere myiza yo gutwara amashanyarazi n’umutekano mwiza, ariko urwego rwayo rwa voltage ni ruto kandi ubucucike bwayo bwo gufunga ni buke, bigatuma ingufu zigabanuka. Kuri ubu, urwego rw’ingufu rwiganjemo fer ya ternary na lithium, mu gihe urwego rw’ikoreshwa ari lithium cobalt nyinshi. Ibikoresho bya electrode mbi bishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho bya karuboni n'ibitari ibya karuboni: ibikoresho bya karuboni birimo grafiti y'ubukorano, grafiti karemano, microspheres za karuboni za mesophase, karuboni yoroshye, karuboni ikomeye, nibindi; Ibikoresho bitari ibya karuboni birimo titanate ya lithiamu, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri silikoni, ibikoresho bishingiye kuri tin, nibindi. Grafiti karemano na grafiti y'ubukorano ni byo bikoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe. Nubwo grafiti karemano ifite ibyiza mu giciro n'ubushobozi bwihariye, igihe cyayo cyo kuzenguruka ni gito kandi uburinganire bwayo ni bubi; Ariko, imiterere ya grafiti y'ubukorano irangana, ifite imikorere myiza yo gutembera neza kandi ihuye neza na electrolyte. Grafiti y'ubukorano ikoreshwa cyane cyane kuri bateri nini z'amashanyarazi na bateri za lithiamu zikoreshwa cyane, mu gihe grafiti karemano ikoreshwa cyane cyane kuri bateri nto za lithiamu na bateri za lithiamu zikoreshwa muri rusange. Ibikoresho bishingiye kuri silikoni mu bikoresho bitari ibya karuboni biracyari mu bushakashatsi n'iterambere rihoraho. Ibitandukanya bateri za Lithium bishobora kugabanywamo ibitandukanya byumye n'ibitandukanya byumye hakurikijwe inzira yo gukora, kandi irangi ry'urukiramende rutose mu gitandukanya cyumye kizaba ari cyo kintu gikomeye. Uburyo butose n'uburyo bwumye bifite ibyiza n'ibibi byabyo. Uburyo bwo gutose bufite imyenge mito kandi isa n'iya firime nto, ariko ishoramari ni rinini, uburyo bugoye, kandi ihumana ry’ibidukikije ni rinini. Uburyo bwo kuma ni ubworoshye, bufite agaciro kanini kandi butangiza ibidukikije, ariko ingano y’imyenge n’imyenge biragoye kugenzura kandi umusaruro biragoye kuwugabanya.

Inzira ya tekiniki y’inganda zo mu Bushinwa zo kubika ingufu - ububiko bw’ingufu za elekthroniki: bateri ya aside lead bateri ya aside lead (VRLA) ni bateri ifite electrode ikozwe ahanini muri lead na oxyde yayo, kandi electrolyte ni igisubizo cya aside sulfuriki. Mu gihe bateri ya aside lead ikoreshwa, igice cy’ingenzi cya electrode nziza ni dioxyde lead, naho igice cy’ingenzi cya electrode negative ni lead; Mu gihe cyo gusohora, ibice by’ingenzi bya electrode nziza na negative ni sulfate lead. Ihame ry’imikorere ya bateri ya aside lead ni uko bateri ya aside lead ni ubwoko bwa bateri ifite dioxyde karubone na lead ya spongy metal nk'ibintu byiza na negative active, naho igisubizo cya aside sulfuriki nk'electrolyte. Ibyiza bya batiri ya aside ya lead ni uruhererekane rw’inganda rumaze igihe kinini, ikoreshwa neza, kuyitunganya byoroshye, ihendutse, imara igihe kirekire, ireme rihamye, nibindi. Ingaruka mbi ni umuvuduko wo gusharija buhoro, ingufu nke, igihe gito cyo kumara igihe gito, byoroshye gutera umwanda, nibindi. Batiri ya aside ya lead ikoreshwa nk'amashanyarazi ahoraho mu itumanaho, sisitemu z'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, sisitemu z'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'itumanaho, ingufu nto zo gusimbura (UPS, ECR, sisitemu zo gusimbura mudasobwa, nibindi), ibikoresho byihutirwa, nibindi, kandi nk'amashanyarazi akomeye mu bikoresho by'itumanaho, gari ya moshi zigenzura amashanyarazi (imodoka zitwara amashanyarazi, imodoka zitwara abagenzi, imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi), ibikoresho bya kaseti (imashini zikoresha imigozi, imashini zitwara amashanyarazi, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi), ibikoresho by'inganda/ibikoresho, kamera, nibindi.

Inzira ya tekiniki y’inganda zo mu Bushinwa zo kubika ingufu - ububiko bw’ingufu za elegitoroniki: bateri y’amazi igenda n’ibati ya sodium sulfur bateri y’amazi igenda ni ubwoko bwa bateri ishobora kubika amashanyarazi no gusohora amashanyarazi binyuze mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki bw’amashanyarazi ashongeshwa kuri electrode idakora. Imiterere ya monomer isanzwe ya bateri y’amazi igenda irimo: electrodes nziza na negative; Icyumba cya electrode gikikijwe na diaphragm na electrode; Ikigega cya Electrolyte, pompe na sisitemu y’imiyoboro. Bateri y’amazi igenda ni igikoresho cyo kubika ingufu za elegitoroniki gishobora guhinduranya ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’ingufu za elegitoroniki binyuze mu buryo bwo kugabanya ogisijeni bw’ibintu bikora amazi, bityo bikabona kubika no kurekura ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Hari ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye na sisitemu zihariye za bateri y’amazi igenda. Kuri ubu, hari ubwoko bune gusa bwa sisitemu za bateri y’amazi yigwa byimbitse ku isi, harimo bateri y’amazi igenda yose ya vanadium, bateri y’amazi igenda ya zinc-bromine, bateri y’amazi igenda ya icyuma-chromium na bateri y’amazi igenda ya sodium polysulfide/bromine. Bateri ya sodium-sulfure igizwe na electrode nziza, electrode mbi, electrolyte, diaphragm na shell, bitandukanye na bateri rusange ya kabiri (bateri ya aside lead, bateri ya nickel-cadmium, nibindi). Bateri ya sodium-sulfure igizwe na electrode ishongeshejwe na electrode ikomeye. Ikintu gikora cya electrode mbi ni sodium y'icyuma ishongeshejwe, naho ikintu gikora cya electrode nziza ni sulfur y'amazi n'umunyu wa sodium polysulfide ishongeshejwe. Anode ya bateri ya sodium-sulfure igizwe na sulfur y'amazi, cathode igizwe na sodium y'amazi, naho umuyoboro wa beta-aluminium w'ibikoresho bya ceramic utandukanyijwe hagati. Ubushyuhe bw'imikorere ya bateri bugomba kuguma hejuru ya 300 ° C kugira ngo electrode igume ishongeshejwe. Inzira ya tekiniki y'inganda zo kubika ingufu mu Bushinwa - selile y'ibikomoka kuri peteroli: selile y'ingufu ya hydrogen Selile y'ibikomoka kuri peteroli ni igikoresho gihindura ingufu za shimi za hydrogen mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ihame ry'ibanze ni uko hydrogen yinjira muri anode y'akaremangingo ka lisansi, igahinduka protoni na electroni za gaze binyuze mu gikorwa cya katalyst, maze protoni za hydrogen zakozwe zigaca mu gice cyo guhinduranya protoni kugira ngo zigere kuri kathode y'akaremangingo ka lisansi hanyuma zigahuzwa na ogisijeni kugira ngo zikore amazi, Electroni zigera kuri kathode y'akaremangingo ka lisansi binyuze mu gice cyo hanze kugira ngo zikore umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Mu by'ukuri, ni igikoresho gitanga ingufu za elegitoroniki. Ingano y'isoko ry'inganda zibika ingufu ku isi - ubushobozi bushya bwo kubika ingufu bwikubye kabiri - ingano y'isoko ry'inganda zibika ingufu ku isi - bateri za lithiamu-ion ziracyari ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwo kubika ingufu - bateri za lithiamu-ion zifite ibyiza byo kuba zifite ingufu nyinshi, ubushobozi bwo guhindura ingufu, igisubizo cyihuse, n'ibindi, kandi ubu ni zo zifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gushyiraho uretse ububiko bukozwe. Dukurikije inyandiko yera ku iterambere ry'inganda zibika bateri za lithiamu-ion mu Bushinwa (2022) yashyizwe ahagaragara hamwe na EVTank na Ivy Institute of Economics. Dukurikije imibare iri muri iyo nyandiko, mu 2021, umubare w’abateri za lithium ion zoherezwa ku isi uzaba 562.4GWh, ubwiyongere bugaragara bwa 91% ugereranyije n’umwaka, kandi uruhare rwabo mu bubiko bushya bw’ingufu ku isi ruzarenga 90%. Nubwo ubundi buryo bwo kubika ingufu nka bateri ya vanadium-flow, bateri ya sodium-ion n’umwuka ufunze nabyo byatangiye kwitabwaho cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha, bateri ya lithium-ion iracyafite inyungu nyinshi mu bijyanye n’imikorere, ikiguzi n’iterambere ry’inganda. Mu gihe gito n’igiciriritse, bateri ya lithium-ion izaba ari yo ikoreshwa cyane mu kubika ingufu ku isi, kandi umubare wayo mu bubiko bushya bw’ingufu uzakomeza kuba ku rwego rwo hejuru.

Longrun-energy yibanda ku bijyanye no kubika ingufu kandi ihuza serivisi z’uruhererekane rw’ingufu kugira ngo itange ibisubizo byo kubika ingufu mu ngo no mu nganda no mu bucuruzi, harimo gushushanya, guhugura mu guteranya, ibisubizo ku isoko, kugenzura ikiguzi, gucunga, gukoresha no kubungabunga, nibindi. Dufite ubufatanye bw’imyaka myinshi n’inganda zizwi cyane zikora bateri n’inganda zikora inverter, twashyize mu byiciro ubunararibonye mu ikoranabuhanga no mu iterambere kugira ngo twubake serivisi z’uruhererekane rw’ingufu.