Isoko ry'ububiko bw'amatara mu Bushinwa muri 2023

Ku ya 13 Gashyantare, Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu cyagiranye ikiganiro n’abanyamakuru i Beijing. Wang Dapeng, Umuyobozi Wungirije w’Ishami rishinzwe Ingufu Nshya n’Izingongera mu Kigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu, yatangaje ko mu 2022, ubushobozi bushya bwo kubyaza ingufu umuyaga na photovoltaic mu gihugu buzarenga kilowati miliyoni 120, bugere kuri kilowati miliyoni 125, bugabanye kilowati miliyoni 100 mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu yikurikiranya, kandi bugere ku rwego rushya rwo hejuru.

Liu Yafang, umuyobozi wungirije w’ishami rishinzwe kubungabunga ingufu n’ibikoresho bya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga mu kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ingufu, yavuze ko mu mpera za 2022, ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu bushya buri mu mishinga mishya mu gihugu hose bwageze kuri kilowati miliyoni 8.7, aho igihe cyo kubika ingufu kingana n’amasaha 2.1, ubwiyongere bwabyo burenze 110% mu mpera za 2021.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hakurikijwe intego ya karuboni ebyiri, iterambere ry’ingufu nshya nk’ingufu z’umuyaga n’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ryihuta, mu gihe impinduka n’ubwiyongere bw’ingufu nshya byabaye ingorabahizi mu kwemeza ko amashanyarazi atangwa neza. Uburyo bushya bwo gutanga no kubika ingufu bwagiye buba ikintu nyamukuru, bufite inshingano zo gukumira ihindagurika ry’ingufu nshya zitangwa, kunoza ikoreshwa ry’ingufu nshya, kugabanya ihindagurika rya gahunda yo gutanga ingufu, kunoza umutekano n’ituze ry’imikorere y’amashanyarazi, no koroshya ubucucike bw’amashanyarazi.

Ku ya 21 Mata 2021, Komisiyo y'Igihugu Ishinzwe Iterambere n'Ivugurura ry'Ingufu n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu basohoye Ibitekerezo Biyobora ku Kwihutisha Iterambere ry'Ububiko Bushya bw'Ingufu banasaba ibitekerezo muri sosiyete yose. Byasobanuraga neza ko ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu bushya buzagera kuri kilowati zirenga miliyoni 30 mu 2025. Dukurikije imibare, mu mpera za 2020, Ubushinwa buzaba bwashyize mu bikorwa ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi ni megawati 3269.2, cyangwa kilowati miliyoni 3.3, nk'uko intego yo gushyiraho yagaragajwe mu nyandiko, Mu 2025, ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa buziyongera inshuro zigera ku 10.

Muri iki gihe, hamwe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ububiko bw’ingufu za PV+, hamwe na politiki n’inkunga y’isoko, iterambere ry’isoko ry’ububiko bw’ingufu rihagaze gute? Bite se ku mikorere y’ikigo cy’ingufu cyashyizwe mu bikorwa? Ese gishobora kugira uruhare n’agaciro bikwiye?

Kugeza kuri 30% by'ububiko!

Kuva ku bushake kugeza ku itegeko, itegeko rikomeye cyane ryo gutanga ububiko ryatanzwe

Dukurikije imibare yatanzwe n'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (International Energy Network/Photovoltaic Headline) (PV-2005), kugeza ubu, ibihugu 25 byashyizeho politiki yo gusobanura ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho imiterere n'ububiko bw'amashanyarazi akoresha photovoltaic. Muri rusange, uturere twinshi dusaba ko igipimo cy'ikwirakwizwa n'ububiko bw'amashanyarazi akoresha photovoltaic kiba kiri hagati ya 5% na 30% by'ubushobozi bwashyizweho, igihe cyo kuyashyiraho ni amasaha 2-4, naho uturere duke ni isaha 1.

Muri byo, Umujyi wa Zaozhuang mu Ntara ya Shandong wasuzumye neza ingano y’iterambere, imiterere y’umutwaro, igipimo cy’ikoreshwa rya photovoltaic n’ibindi bintu, kandi washyizeho uburyo bwo kubika ingufu hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwa 15% - 30% (bwahinduwe hakurikijwe icyiciro cy’iterambere) n’igihe cy’amasaha 2-4, cyangwa wakodesheje uburyo bwo kubika ingufu buhuriweho bufite ubushobozi bumwe, bwabaye urwego rw’ibisabwa ubu mu gukwirakwiza no kubika photovoltaic. Byongeye kandi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan n’ahandi bisaba ko igipimo cy’ikwirakwizwa no kubika kigera kuri 20%.

Ni ngombwa kumenya ko Guizhou yasohoye inyandiko isobanura ko imishinga mishya y'ingufu igomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu masaha abiri yo gukora, ikubaka cyangwa kugura ububiko bw'ingufu ku kigero kitari munsi ya 10% by'ubushobozi bw'ingufu nshya (ikigereranyo cy'imibanire gishobora guhindurwa hakurikijwe uko ibintu bimeze) kugira ngo gihuze n'igikenewe cyane cyo kogosha; Ku mishinga mishya y'ingufu idakoresha ububiko bw'ingufu, guhuza amashanyarazi ntibizafatwa nk'igihe gito, bishobora gufatwa nk'uburyo bukomeye bwo gutanga no kubika.

Ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu:

Biragoye kubona inyungu kandi ishyaka ry'ibigo muri rusange ntabwo riri hejuru

Dukurikije imibare yatanzwe n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (International Energy Network/Photovoltaic Headline) mu 2005, muri 2022, imishinga 83 yo kubika ingufu z’umuyaga n’izuba yashyizweho umukono/yateguwe mu gihugu hose, aho umushinga ugaragara wa 191.553GW n’ishoramari rigaragara rya miliyari 663.346 z’amayuan.

Mu ngano z’umushinga zagenwe, Inner Mongolia iza ku mwanya wa mbere ifite 53.436GW, Gansu iza ku mwanya wa kabiri ifite 47.307GW, naho Heilongjiang iza ku mwanya wa gatatu ifite 15.83GW. Ingano z’umushinga w’intara za Guizhou, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Liaoning, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Shandong, na Anhui zose zirenga 1GW.

Nubwo amashanyarazi mashya yo kugabanya ingufu n’ayo kubika ingufu yariyongereye cyane, amashanyarazi yo kubika ingufu yashyizwe mu bikorwa yaguye mu bihe biteye impungenge. Imishinga myinshi yo gushyigikira ububiko bw’ingufu iri mu cyiciro cyo kudakora neza kandi buhoro buhoro ihinduka ikintu giteye isoni.

Nk’uko bigaragara mu "Raporo y'Ubushakashatsi ku Mikorere y'Ikwirakwizwa n'Ububiko bw'Ingufu Nshya" yashyizwe ahagaragara n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Ubushinwa ry'Amashanyarazi, ikiguzi cy'imishinga yo kubika ingufu ahanini kiri hagati ya 1500-3000 yuan / kWh. Bitewe n'imiterere itandukanye y'imipaka, itandukaniro ry'ibiciro hagati y'imishinga ni rinini. Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze mu by'ukuri, inyungu y'imishinga myinshi yo kubika ingufu ntabwo iri hejuru.

Ibi ntibitandukanywa n'imbogamizi z'ukuri. Ku ruhande rumwe, ku bijyanye no kugera ku isoko, uburyo bwo kugera ku bigo by'amashanyarazi bibika ingufu kugira ngo byifatanye mu isoko ry'ubucuruzi bw'amashanyarazi ntabwo birasobanuka neza, kandi amategeko agenga ubucuruzi ntabwo aranozwa. Ku rundi ruhande, ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gutanga ibiciro, ishyirwaho ry'uburyo bwigenga bwo gutanga ibiciro ku bigo by'amashanyarazi bibika ingufu ku ruhande rw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ntiryatinze, kandi inganda muri rusange ziracyafite ubushishozi bwuzuye mu bucuruzi bwo kuyobora imari shingiro mu mushinga wo kubika ingufu. Ku rundi ruhande, ikiguzi cyo kubika ingufu nshya kiri hejuru kandi imikorere ni mike, kubura imiyoboro yo kuzikoresha. Nk'uko bitangazwa n'itangazamakuru ribishinzwe, muri iki gihe, ikiguzi cyo gukwirakwiza no kubika ingufu nshya cyishyurwa n'ibigo bishya biteza imbere ingufu, bitagezwa mu bihugu biri inyuma. Ikiguzi cya bateri za lithiamu ion cyariyongereye, byazanye igitutu kinini ku bigo bishya bitanga ingufu kandi bigira ingaruka ku byemezo by'ishoramari ry'ibigo bishya bitanga ingufu. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka ibiri ishize, igiciro cya silikoni mu ruhererekane rw'inganda za photovoltaic cyariyongereye, igiciro kirahindagurika cyane. Ku bigo bishya by’ingufu bifite ikwirakwizwa n’ububiko bw’amashanyarazi, nta gushidikanya ko ibintu bibiri byongereye umutwaro ku bigo bishya bitanga ingufu, bityo ishyaka ry’ibigo mu gutanga no kubika ingufu nshya muri rusange riri hasi.

Inzitizi z'ingenzi:

Ikibazo cy’umutekano mu kubika ingufu kiracyari gikeneye gukemurwa, kandi imikorere n’ibungabungwa ry’ikigo cy’amashanyarazi biragoye

Mu myaka ibiri ishize, ubwoko bushya bw'ingufu zakoreshejwe bwarateye imbere kandi bukoreshwa cyane, mu gihe umutekano w'ingufu zakoreshejwe warushijeho kuba mubi. Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, kuva mu 2018, habayeho uduce turenga 40 tw'ingufu zakoreshejwe mu kubika no gutwika hirya no hino ku isi, cyane cyane iturika rya Beijing Energy Storage Power Station ku ya 16 Mata 2021, ryateje urupfu rw'abazimya umuriro babiri, gukomeretsa umwe mu bazimya umuriro, no kubura umukozi umwe wo muri iyo station y'amashanyarazi. Ibikoresho bya bateri zikoreshwa mu kubika ingufu ubu bihura n'ibibazo nko kudakora neza no kwizerwa, ubuyobozi buke bw'amahame n'ibipimo bifatika, kudashyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo gucunga umutekano, n'uburyo budahagije bwo kuburira umutekano n'ubutabazi bwihutirwa.

Byongeye kandi, kubera igitutu cy’ibiciro biri hejuru, bamwe mu bubatsi b’imishinga yo kubika ingufu bahisemo ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu bifite imikorere mibi n’ikiguzi gito cy’ishoramari, ibyo bikaba byongera ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’umutekano. Dushobora kuvuga ko ikibazo cy’umutekano ari cyo kintu cy’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku iterambere ryiza kandi rihamye ry’urwego rushya rwo kubika ingufu, ibyo bikaba bigomba gukemurwa byihutirwa.

Ku bijyanye n'imikorere n'isukura rya sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi, nk'uko raporo ya China Electricity Union ibigaragaza, umubare w'uturemangingo tw'amashanyarazi ni munini cyane, kandi umubare w'uturemangingo kamwe k'umushinga wo kubika ingufu wageze ku bihumbi icumi cyangwa ndetse n'ibihumbi amagana. Byongeye kandi, ikiguzi cyo kugabanuka kw'agaciro, igabanuka ry'ubushobozi bwo guhindura ingufu, kwangirika k'ubushobozi bwa batiri n'ibindi bintu biri mu mikorere nabyo bizongera cyane ikiguzi cy'ubuzima bw'iyi sitasiyo yose y'amashanyarazi, bigoye cyane kuyibungabunga; Imikorere n'isukura y'uturemangingo tw'amashanyarazi ikubiyemo amashanyarazi, imiti, igenzura n'izindi nzego. Muri iki gihe, imikorere n'isukura ni myinshi, kandi ubuhanga bw'abakozi bakora n'abashinzwe kubungabunga bugomba kunozwa.

Amahirwe n'imbogamizi bihora bijyana. Ni gute twakongera uruhare rw'ikwirakwizwa ry'ingufu nshya no kuzibika no gutanga ibisubizo bishimishije kugira ngo intego ya karubone ebyiri igerweho?

“Inama ku bijyanye no kubika ingufu n’imikorere mishya y’ingufu”, yatewe inkunga n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku ngufu, imitwe y’ingufu za photovoltaic n’imitwe y’ingufu, ifite insanganyamatsiko igira iti “Ingufu nshya, imikorere mishya n’ibidukikije bishya”, izabera i Beijing ku ya 21 Gashyantare. Hagati aho, “Inama ya 7 y’inganda z’ingufu za photovoltaic zo mu Bushinwa” izabera i Beijing ku ya 22 Gashyantare.

Iyi nama igamije kubaka urubuga rwo guhanahana amakuru rushingiye ku gaciro k’inganda zikoresha ingufu za fotovoltaic. Iyi nama itumira abayobozi, impuguke n’inzobere za Komisiyo y’Igihugu Ishinzwe Iterambere n’Ivugurura, Ubuyobozi bw’Ingufu, impuguke zikomeye mu nganda, amashyirahamwe y’inganda, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi, ibigo by’ibishushanyo mbonera n’ibindi bigo, ndetse n’ibigo bishora imari mu by’ingufu nka Huaneng, Itsinda ry’Igihugu ry’Ingufu, Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ishoramari mu by’Ingufu, Kubungabunga Ingufu mu Bushinwa, Datang, Three Gorges, Ikigo cy’Ingufu za Nuclear mu Bushinwa, Ikigo cy’Ingufu za Nuclear mu Bushinwa cya Guangdong, Ikigo cya Leta, Ikigo cy’Ingufu za Southern mu Bushinwa, n’ibigo bikora uruganda rw’inganda zikoresha ingufu za fotovoltaic, Abanyamwuga nka ibigo bihuza sisitemu n’ibigo bya EPC bagomba kuganira byimazeyo no kungurana ibitekerezo ku ngingo zishyushye nka politiki y’inganda zikoresha ingufu za fotovoltaic, ikoranabuhanga, iterambere ry’inganda n’icyerekezo mu rwego rw’uburyo bushya bw’ingufu, no gufasha inganda kugera ku iterambere ryimbitse.

“Inama ku bijyanye no kubika ingufu n’uburyo bushya bw’ingufu” izaganira kandi iganire ku bibazo bikomeye nka politiki y’inganda zibika ingufu, ikoranabuhanga, guhuza ububiko bw’amatara, nibindi, ndetse n’ibigo nka National Energy Group, Trina Solar, Easter Group, Chint New Energy, Kehua Digital Energy, Baoguang Zhizhong, Aishiwei Storage, Shouhang New Energy izibanda ku bibazo bigomba gukemurwa mu kubaka urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rushya mu rwego rwa “karubone ebyiri”, kandi igere ku iterambere rirambye ry’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rushya, itanga ibitekerezo bishya n’ubumenyi bushya.