He aha nā pōmaikaʻi o ka pākaukau mālama ikehu?

ʻO ke ala ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu o Kina - ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical: I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea cathode maʻamau o nā pākahi lithium ka nui o ka lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) a me nā mea ternary. ʻO Lithium cobaltate ka mea cathode mua loa i kūʻai ʻia me ka volta kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe tap density, ka hale paʻa a me ka palekana maikaʻi, akā ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. He haʻahaʻa ko Lithium manganate a me ka uila kiʻekiʻe, akā maikaʻi ʻole kāna hana pōʻai a haʻahaʻa hoʻi kona hiki. ʻOkoʻa ka mana a me ke kumukūʻai o nā mea ternary e like me ke ʻano o ka nickel, cobalt a me ka manganese (ma ka NCA). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka lithium iron phosphate a me ka lithium cobaltate. Lithium iron phosphate he haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai, maikaʻi ka hana kaʻa kaʻa a me ka palekana maikaʻi, akā haʻahaʻa kona paepae uila a haʻahaʻa kona paʻa paʻa, e hopena i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa holoʻokoʻa. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka mana o ka mana e ka ternary a me ka hao lithium, aʻo ka ʻāpana hoʻohana ʻoi aku ka lithium cobalt. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea kalapona a me nā mea kalapona ʻole: nā mea kalapona me ka graphite artificial, graphite maoli, mesophase carbon microspheres, carbon soft, carbon hard, etc; ʻO nā meaʻaʻohe kalapona e komo pū me ka lithium titanate, nā mea i hoʻokumuʻia i ke silika, nā mea i hoʻokumuʻia i ka tin, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. ʻOiai he mea maikaʻi ka graphite kūlohelohe i ke kumukūʻai a me ka mana kikoʻī, haʻahaʻa kona ola pōʻaiapuni a maikaʻi ʻole kona kūlike; Eia nō naʻe, ʻano kaulike nā waiwai o ka graphite artificial, me ka maikaʻi o ka holo ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi me ka electrolyte. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka graphite artificial no nā pihi mana kaʻa kaʻa nui a me nā pākahi lithium mea kūʻai aku kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka graphite kūlohelohe e hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā pā lithium liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻona lithium mea kūʻai aku. ʻO nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kilika i loko o nā mea kalapona ʻole ke hana mau nei i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala mau. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻokaʻawale pākaukau Lithium i nā mea hoʻokaʻawale maloʻo a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale pulu e like me ke kaʻina hana, a ʻo ka uhi ʻana o ka membrane maʻemaʻe i loko o ka mea hoʻokaʻawale pulu ka mea nui. ʻO ka hana pulu a me ka hana maloʻo ko lākou pono pono'ī a me nā pōʻino. He liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka pore a me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoi aku ka pulu, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopukapuka, paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana, a nui ka pollution kaiapuni. ʻO ke kaʻina hana maloʻo he mea maʻalahi, kiʻekiʻe ka waiwai i hoʻohui ʻia a pili i ke kaiapuni, akā paʻakikī ka nui o ka pore a me ka porosity a paʻakikī i ka ʻili.

ʻO ke ala ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu o Kina - ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical: ʻo ka pahu pahu pahu lead acid lead acid (VRLA) he pākaukau nona ka electrode i hana nui ʻia me ke kēpau a me kāna oxide, a ʻo ka electrolyte he sulfuric acid solution. I ka moku'āina o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka pākaukau lead-acid, ʻo ka mea nui o ka electrode maikaʻi ke alakaʻi dioxide, a ʻo ka mea nui o ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole ke alakaʻi; I ka moku hoʻokuʻu, ʻo nā mea nui o nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole ke alakaʻi sulfate. ʻO ke kumu hana o ka pākaukau lead-acid, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka pākaukau me ka carbon dioxide a me ke alakaʻi metala spongy e like me nā mea hana maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka hopena sulfuric acid e like me ka electrolyte. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka pākaukau lead-acid he kaulahao ʻoihana makua, hoʻohana palekana, mālama maʻalahi, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, lōʻihi ke ola lawelawe, kūpaʻa maikaʻi, etc. ʻO nā hemahema he lohi lohi ka wikiwiki, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, pōkole pōkole ola, maʻalahi ke kumu o ka pollution, etc. a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā lako pilikia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a ma ke ʻano he lako mana nui i nā lako kamaʻilio, nā locomotives hoʻokele uila (nā kaʻa kūʻai, nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa uila, nā kaʻa uila), nā mea hoʻomaka mīkini (nā cordless drills, nā mea hoʻokele uila, nā sledges uila), nā lako hana / mea hana, nā kamera, etc.

ʻO ke ala ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu o Kina - ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical: ka wai kahe wai a me ka sodium sulfur pākahiko wai kahe wai he ʻano pākaukau e hiki ke mālama i ka uila a hoʻokuʻu i ka uila ma o ka hopena electrochemical o nā lua uila hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka electrode inert. ʻO ke ʻano o ka monomer pākaukau kahe wai maʻamau e komo pū me: nā electrodes maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole; He keʻena electrode i hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi diaphragm a me kahi electrode; Electrolyte tank, pump and pipeline system. ʻO ka pahu wai kahe wai he mea mālama i ka ikehu electrochemical e hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻololi like ʻana o ka ikehu uila a me ka ikehu kemika ma o ka hopena oxidation-reduction o nā mea hana wai, no laila e ʻike ai i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ikehu uila. Nui nā ʻano māhele ʻia a me nā ʻōnaehana kikoʻī o ka pā kahe wai. I kēia manawa, ʻehā wale nō ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana wai kahe wai i aʻo maoli ʻia i ka hohonu o ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pahu wai kahe wai āpau-vanadium, zinc-bromine wai kahe wai, hao-chromium wai kahe a me ka sodium polysulfide/bromine kahe wai kahe. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pākaukau sodium-sulfur me ka electrode maikaʻi, electrode maikaʻi ʻole, electrolyte, diaphragm a me ka pūpū, he ʻokoʻa ia mai ka pākaukau lua maʻamau (lead-acid battery, nickel-cadmium battery, etc.). Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pākaukau sodium-sulfur me ka electrode hoʻoheheʻe a me ka electrolyte paʻa. ʻO ka mea ikaika o ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole he sodium metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a ʻo ka mea ikaika o ka electrode maikaʻi he sulfur wai a me ka paʻakai sodium polysulfide paʻakai. ʻO ka anode o ka pāpaʻi sodium-sulfur i haku ʻia me ka sulfur wai, ka cathode i haku ʻia me ka sodium wai, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pahu beta-aluminika o nā mea seramika ma waena. E mālama ʻia ka mahana hana o ka pākaukau ma luna o 300 ° C no ka mālama ʻana i ka electrode i kahi kūlana hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO ke ala ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana hoʻopaʻa ikehu o Kina – ka wahie cell: hydrogen energy storage cell hydrogen fuel cell he mea ia e hoʻololi pololei i ka ikehu kemika o ka hydrogen i ikehu uila. ʻO ke kumu kumu ʻo ia ke komo ʻana o ka hydrogen i ka anode o ka wahie wahie, decomposes i loko o ke kinoea protons a me nā electrons ma lalo o ka hana o ka catalyst, a ʻo ka hydrogen protons i hana ʻia e hele i loko o ka membrane hoʻololi proton e hiki i ka cathode o ka wahie cell a hui pū me ka oxygen e hoʻohua i ka wai. ʻO ka mea nui, he mea hana mana hoʻoheheʻe electrochemical. ʻO ka nui o ka mākeke o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu honua - ua pālua ka mana hou o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu - ka nui o ka mākeke o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu honua - ʻo nā pā lithium-ion ke ʻano nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu - loaʻa i nā pā lithium-ion nā pōmaikaʻi o ke kiʻekiʻe ikehu kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a ka pepa keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana pākaukau lithium-ion o Kina (2022) i hoʻokuʻu pū ʻia e EVTank a me Ivy Institute of Economics. Wahi a ka ʻikepili o ka pepa keʻokeʻo, i ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana o nā pākaukau lithium ion he 562.4GWh, kahi piʻi nui o 91% makahiki i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ʻo kāna kaʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ikehu hou o ka honua ma mua o 90%. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaka ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu e like me ka vanadium-flow battery, sodium-ion battery a compressed air i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pā lithium-ion ma ke ʻano o ka hana, ke kumukūʻai a me ka ʻoihana. I ka wā pōkole a me ka manawa waena, ʻo ka pā lithium-ion ke ʻano nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ma ka honua, a ʻo kona ʻāpana i nā hoʻonohonoho mālama ikehu hou e mau i kahi kiʻekiʻe.

Hoʻopili ʻo Longrun-energy i ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a hoʻohui pū i ka waihona lawelawe lawelawe ʻoihana ikehu no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu no ka home a me nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana kūʻai aku, me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hui ʻana, nā hopena mākeke, ka hoʻokele kumukūʻai, ka hoʻokele, ka hana a me ka mālama ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.